Vulvodynia

Doctors don't know what causes vulvodynia, but possible contributing factors include:

• Injury to or irritation of the nerves surrounding your vulvar region
• Past vaginal infections
• Allergies or sensitive skin
• Hormonal changes
• Muscle spasm or weakness in the pelvic floor, which supports the uterus, bladder and bowel

Because it can be painful and frustrating and can keep you from wanting sex, vulvodynia can cause emotional problems. For example, fear of having sex can cause spasms in the muscles around your vagina (vaginismus). Other complications might include:

• Anxiety
• Depression
• Sleep disturbances
• Sexual dysfunction
• Altered body image
• Relationship problems
• Decreased quality of life

Vulvodynia treatments focus on relieving symptoms. No one treatment works in every case. For many, a combination of treatments works best. It can take time to find the right treatments, and it can take time after starting a treatment before you notice relief.

Treatment options include:

• Medications. Steroids, tricyclic antidepressants or anticonvulsants can help lessen chronic pain. Antihistamines might reduce itching.
• Biofeedback therapy. This therapy can help reduce pain by teaching you how to relax your pelvic muscles and control how your body responds to the symptoms.
• Local anesthetics. Medications, such as lidocaine ointment, can provide temporary symptom relief. Your doctor might recommend applying lidocaine 30 minutes before sexual intercourse to reduce your discomfort. Using lidocaine ointment can cause your partner to have temporary numbness after sexual contact.
• Nerve blocks. Women who have long-standing pain that doesn't respond to other treatments might benefit from local nerve block injections.
• Pelvic floor therapy. Many women with vulvodynia have tension in the muscles of the pelvic floor, which supports the uterus, bladder and bowel. Exercises to relax those muscles can help relieve vulvodynia pain.
• Surgery. In cases of localized vulvodynia or vestibulodynia, surgery to remove the affected skin and tissue (vestibulectomy) relieves pain in some women.

The following tips might help you manage vulvodynia symptoms:

• Try cold compresses or gel packs. Place them directly on your external genital area to ease pain and itching.
• Soak in a sitz bath. Two to three times a day, sit in comfortable, lukewarm (not hot) or cool water with Epsom salts or colloidal oatmeal for five to 10 minutes.
• Avoid tightfitting pantyhose and nylon underwear. Tight clothing restricts airflow to your genital area, often leading to increased temperature and moisture that can cause irritation. Wear white, cotton underwear to increase ventilation and dryness. Try sleeping without underwear at night.
• Avoid hot tubs and soaking in hot baths. Spending time in hot water can cause discomfort and itching.
• Don't use deodorant tampons or pads. The deodorant can be irritating. If pads are irritating, switch to 100 percent cotton pads.
• Avoid activities that put pressure on your vulva, such as biking or horseback riding.
• Wash gently. Scrubbing the affected area harshly or washing too often can increase irritation. Instead, use plain water to gently clean your vulva with your hand and pat the area dry. After bathing, apply a preservative-free emollient, such as plain petroleum jelly, to create a protective barrier.
• Use lubricants. If you're sexually active, apply a lubricant before having sex. Don't use products that contain alcohol, flavor, or warming or cooling agents.

Stress tends to worsen vulvodynia and having vulvodynia increases stress. Although there's little evidence that alternative techniques work, some women get some relief from yoga, meditation, massage and other stress reducers.

You might find talking to other women who have vulvodynia helpful because it can provide information and make you feel less alone. If you don't want to join a support group, your doctor might be able to recommend a counselor in your area who has experience helping women cope with vulvodynia.

Sex therapy or couples therapy might help you and your partner cope with vulvodynia's effect on your relationship.

You're likely to start by seeing your primary care provider. In some cases, you'll be referred to a doctor who specializes in conditions of the female reproductive tract (gynecologist).

What you can do

Make a list of:

• Your symptoms, including any that may seem unrelated to the reason for which you scheduled the appointment, and when they began
• Your medical history, including other conditions for which you're being treated
• All medications, vitamins or other supplements you take, including doses
• Questions to ask your doctor

For vulvodynia, questions to ask your doctor include:

• What could be causing my symptoms?
• What tests do you recommend?
• What treatments are most likely to improve my symptoms?
• Is this condition permanent or temporary?
• When might I expect to get relief from my discomfort?
• I have other medical conditions. How can I manage them together?
• Do you have brochures or other printed material I can have? What websites do you recommend?

Don't hesitate to ask other questions.

What to expect from your doctor

Your doctor is likely to ask you questions, such as:

• How severe is your pain, and how long does it last?
• How would you describe your pain — sharp or dull, continuous or intermittent?
• Is your pain usually triggered by a specific event, such as intercourse or exercise?
• Do you feel pain during urination or a bowel movement?
• Does your menstrual cycle affect your pain?
• Does anything make your pain better or worse?
• Have you had pelvic surgery?
• Have you been pregnant or could you be pregnant now?
• Have you been treated for urinary tract or vaginal infections?